The Patient Self-Determination Act
The Patient Self-Determination Act is a federal law that requires hospitals to “provide written information” to adult inpatients concerning “an individual’s right under state law…to make decisions concerning…medical care, including the right to accept or refuse medical or surgical treatment and the right to formulate Advance Directives.” To help patients make these choices, Kansas law provides for Advance Directives. This write-up outlines what Advance directives are and what Kansas statues require. Kansas statues recognize both a living will and a durable power of attorney for healthcare.
Advance Directives
Advance directives are documents that state a patient’s choices about treatment including decisions like refusing treatment, being placed on life-support, and stopping treatment at a point the patient chooses. It also includes requesting life-sustaining treatment if that is wanted.
There are several kinds of Advance Directives. There are two that are mentioned most often. One is called a living will and the other is called a durable power of attorney (SPOA) for healthcare. Through Advance Directives, patients can make legally valid decisions about their medical treatment.
The Living Will
The Kansas living will is found in a statute titled “The Natural Death Act.” The statute allows any adult to sign a form (related to themselves only) which states that life-sustaining procedures should be withheld or withdrawn when decision making capacity is lost and when such procedures would merely prolong death. Medical procedures deemed necessary to provide comfort or alleviate pain are not considered “life sustaining” under the act.
For the living will or Natural Death Act Declaration to be effective, two physicians must personally examine the patient and determine that the patient and determine that the patient has a terminal illness. The physicians must agree that death will occur whether or not the medical procedure or intervention is done. The form is not effective if the patient is pregnant.
The living will must be witnessed by two adults who are not related to, will not inherit from the person making the living will, and are not financially responsible for the patient.
The Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care
A durable power of attorney for health care is a document in which a person gives someone else the right to make decisions about health care for him/her. The person who would make the decisions is known as an “agent” and can be any adult except a physician or other health care provider (including people who work, own, or are directors for hospitals and other health institutions) unless the health care provider is related by blood or marriage to the person signing the document.
The powers which can be granted include: the power to make decisions, give consent, refuse consent or withdraw consent for organ donation, autopsy or the treatment of any physical or mental condition. The agent may also make all necessary arrangements for hospitalization, physicians or other care, and to request and receive all information and records and to sign releases for records.
The person singing the DPOA for health care can choose which of the above powers the agent will have. Specific instructions can be given. For example, a specific treatment may be prohibited. Requests for treatment, including life-sustaining care, can also be included. The special instructions allow the DPOA for health care to be specific for each individual’s needs.
The agent and the health care providers must follow the patient’s expressed wishes. This means that they must also respect any wishes that are stated in the living will. Unless limited, the DPOA for health care allows the agent to make decisions about withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in all types of illnesses (including comas or persistent vegetative states) and is not limited to terminal illness.
To be effective, the document must be notarized or witnessed by two adults who are not related to and who will not inherit from the person signing the document.
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